Abstract In current practice, a tractor mounted sensor to calculate Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) detects live, green vegetation from a target area and can be used to analyse crop nutritional requirements. By adding high-resolution satellite data it is possible to achieve a variable rate (VR) fertiliser recommendation. Current practice lacks two key factors in the determination of optimum N supply to growing crops: availability of high-resolution data to inform on soil fertility status; and technologies that ensure accurate and consistent placement of nutrient. The aim of this project is to combine crop-sensing technologies with an internationally patented on-line soil visible and near infrared (vis-NIR) sensor (Mouazen, 2006) incorporating large soil fertility datasets. The nutrient will be applied in combination with a spoke-wheel fertiliser injection system, which places the nutrient subsurface into the moist rootzone of the crop, thus maximising efficiency and consistency of uptake. Extended benefits include improved farm profitability, reduction of environmental impact associated with fertiliser usage, and the production of a higher-quality and more uniform crop at harvest. Summary The research team at Cranfield will be responsible to carry out the on-line visible and near infrared (vi-NIR) measurment in selected experimental fields. Prior and during the on-line soil measurement, soil samples will be collected for upgrading the general calibration functions already developed at Cranfield University. These upgraded calibration functions will be validated for accuracy estimation against laboratory measured soil organic carbon (OC), total nitrogenv(TN), pH, phosphorous (P), magnesium (Mg), calcium (ca), moisture content (MC) and clay content (CC). The laboratory analyses of these soil properties will be carried out in soil laboratory of Cranfield University for 300 calibration and validation soil samples collected from the experimental fields. The upgrade of Cranfield calibration models will be based on chemometric tools consisting of a combination of principal component analyses (PCA) and partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis to be carried out with Unscrambler 7.8 software (Camo Inc.; Oslo, Norway). Cranfield will also develop two types of soil maps e.g. full-point and comparison maps using ArcGIS ArcMap (ESRI ArcGISTM version 10, CA, USA). The comparison maps will aim to compare between on-line predicted and laboratory measured soil properties. The full-point maps will be used for understanding and evaluation of within field variation in soil fertility, and how these are correlated with crop growth and yield. By this, it is hoped to identify crop yield limiting factors. Cranfield team will be also responsible for data fusion and geostatistical analysis. Data fusion will include artificial neural network, support vector machine and other tools, as necessary. Data fusion will be carried out with STATISTICA 10 (StatSoft, Inc. USA) software. An unsupervised classification algorithm will be employed to identify spatially similar classes. The clustering output will be imported into ArcGIS ArcMap (ESRI ArcGISTM version 10, CA, USA) to assist visualisation and spatial analysis. A homogenous set of management zones will be derived by using a moving-window filter to minimise the occurrence of smaller clusters. This will be followed by the development of fertility maps for the experimental fields, with management zones of each class having similar yield potential. After the fertility maps have been developed, N recommendation maps will be generated using RB209 (SEFRA), in collaboration with STC ltd., and agronomist Mr. Philip Effingham. Cranfield will also assist STC Ltd. in the cost benefit analysis to evaluate the economic viability of the system. This analysis will be based on input data obtained from the trial plots, comparing between subsurface homogeneous and variable rate N fertilisation. Together with Manterra, Cranfield team will assess the technology integration, to allow for final evaluation of the system, and identify further technical and software development needed if any. Cranfield will also play an important role in the exploitation and dissemination of the results achieved. They will lead on publishing scientific papers in top journals on precision agriculture e.g. Precision Agriculture, Biosyatems Engineering, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, and top international and national conferences e.g. European Conference on Precision Agriculture, HGCA Precision Agriculture Workshop and EurAgEng2016. The team will promote the on-line based subsurface variable rate N application system in trade workshops e.g. Cereals. They will also provide the needed input for training workshops organised by Manterra. Impact Summary The project will have impact on sustainable intensive crop production. It will progress the development of the new paradigm for agriculture in the UK based on within field (sub-field) land and crop management. The main purpose of this project is to increase farms competitiveness by providing a system consisting of hardware and software that is both a support for improved spatially targeted variable rate nitrogen application. The integration of data on soil, crop cover and yield will furnish the farmers with ground truth decisions on applications of subsurface N fertiliser. There is a broad range of stakeholders, with varying and often unexpected levels of potential interest in the results of the current project. The main end users will be farmers, and farming groups. In addition, service providers (i.e. contractors, precision farming services and agronomists) are expected to be also amongst the major project stakeholders. Homogeneous application of N fertiliser is adopted by majority of farmers worldwide. Variable rate application is expected to result in increasing crop yield, while reducing environmental impact by reducing amount of agrochemicals applied into the environment. The overall economic impact will be increase farming efficiency that will affect UK farmers and farmers worldwide. More profitable agriculture would advantage farmers as well as the wider national economy. It is foreseen that the economic saving due to the lower amount of input applied together with the increased yield will overcome the cost of using the envisaged integrated solution. The research is expected to have a significant positive environmental impact by enabling the reduction of fertiliser use by only targeting areas of the field where there is need for N application. A reduction in fertiliser use would lead to reduced soil and ground water contamination and therefore this research will be of significant interest to those concerned with the presence of agrochemicals in the environment. The reduced amount of fertilisers will also reduce greenhouse gas emission (GHG) global warming potential (GWP), which will have a positive impact on the environment, with reference to the EU framework directive for "A thematic strategy on the sustainable use of pesticides" (COM(2006)372, COM(2006)778). In this context, water utilities, deemed to be a highly influential stakeholder group are likely to be extremely important, given their high levels of interest and influence. Since Tru-Nject is expected to lead to reduction of water contamination with agrochemicals, it will reduce investment in extracting these chemicals from drinking water. Hence, commercial water companies and the Environment Agency, who are responsible for protecting the ecological status of bodies of water, will also be interested. Other potential beneficiaries from the public sector include Defra who are interested in minimising environmental impact, whilst improving food security. Fertiliser manufacturers will benefit through improving product stewardship and reducing environmental impact. This project is expected to improve the reliability of management zones delineated for variable rate N applications. In addition it is expected to make N fertilisation more cost effective by reducing the cost associated with traditional soil sampling and laboratory analyses. Therefore, manufacturers of subsurface injectors and precision farming software will benefit because it will improve their product performance and so make these products more attractive to farmers. Finally, FarmingTruth precision farming service provider to be launched in 2016 will benefit from the final product of Tru- Nject (e.g. subsurface variable rate N recommendation), as this will be a new service that FarmingTruth can provide to end users.